Katsushika Hokusai

Katsushika Hokusai (Katsushika Hokusai, Katsushika Hokusai, Treasure calendar September 23, 1760 ? --Kaei April 18, 1849 ) Is an ukiyo-e artist in the late Edo period. He is one of the representatives of Kasei culture.

His representative works include "Thirty-six Views of Tomitake" and "Hokusai Manga", and he is a world-famous painter. He painted the universe and published over 30,000 works in his lifetime. He has been enthusiastic since he was young, and his outstanding descriptive power can be seen in prints as well as in hand-drawn ukiyo-e prints. In addition, he found new innovations in reading and illustration art, published many picture books such as "Hokusai Manga", and was enthusiastic about drawing morphology with a brush. It was a great place to benefit the spread and education of the common people. He became the ancestor of the Katsushika school and later influenced craftsmen and musicians, as well as Impressionist painters such as Vincent van Gogh. He was about to be caught in the Siebold Incident, but Keiga Kawahara took over and escaped the difficulties. Hokusai, who tried to draw everything, seems to have studied and tried copperplate prints and glass paintings in his later years. He was also very interested in oil paintings, but he couldn't do it in his long life. In 1999, he was the only Japanese to rank 86th in the "100 People in the World Who Left the Most Important Achievements in the Last 1000 Years" project of the American magazine "Life". The number of his disciples is extremely large, and it is said that he is close to 200 including his grandchildren.

He was frequently reissued 30 times in his lifetime. The issues used were "Toyomaru Kusamura", "Gunmatei", "Hokusai", "Sori Tawaraya", "Kahou", "Tatsusai", "Tatsumasa", "Hyakurin", "Raito", "Daito", and "Daito". Undyed House, Nishikibukurosha, Tameichi, Gakujin, Hokusai, Raitatsu, Gakujin Elderly, Tengudou Hotetsu, Kagamiuraan Umenen, Tsuyuki Elderly It is a combination of "卍", "Kewasai", "Miuraya Hachiemon", "Hyakurin Hachiemon", "Domochi Nisaburo", "Fish Buddha", and "Kousan Kou". Hokusai researcher Gozo Yasuda divides the Hokusai issue into main and sub-issues, with "Haruo," "Sori," "Hokusai," "Daito," "Tsukiichi," and "卍" being the main issues. "Painting maniac" is a secondary issue, and although there are many, it does not correspond to the name change. Even if this theory is correct, it can be said that there are many cases where the main issues have been changed five times.

"Hokusai", which is now widely known, is an abbreviation for "Hokusai Tatsumasa", which was originally named, and this is the Nichiren sect's Hokusai Myoken Bodhisattva worship (Yanagishima Hoseiji), which deified the North Star and the Big Dipper. Named after. Compared to others, this name is more commonly used because it was used in the form of "Hokusai Kai Taiichi" or "Hokusai Kai Daito". In addition, regarding the number of his issue changes, the theory that it was because the transfer of the issue to his disciples was a means of income, and the theory that Hokusai's self-reliance habit had an effect. There is also. By the way, even the issue of "Hokusai" has been handed over to his disciple Suzuki, or Shobei Hashimoto.

Hokusai is also famous for his many relocations, which are said to have reached 93 times. He says he has moved three times a day. By the time he was 75, he had already reached 56 times. In the appendix of the personal name list "Hiromasu Kenin Rokusho" at that time, both the 7th and 13th editions of Tenpo are described as "indefinite whereabouts", and this is the only one of 473 Hokusai, excluding the one who lacked an address. Hokusai repeatedly moved to the room where he and his daughter, Sakae (Katsushika Oi), who divorced and returned to his father, concentrated only on painting. This is because he moved every time he became rough or dirty. There is also a theory that Hokusai imitated a person named Hyakuan who aimed to move 100 times in his life, and he said he wanted to move 100 times and then die. However, even if Hokusai's 93 times are extreme, the common people of Edo seem to move frequently, and Kiyokata Kaburagi used his mother as an example and said that he also moved more than 30 times. I'm reminiscing about my liking. In addition, Meiji ukiyo-e artist Toyohara Kunichi moved 117 times in his life against Hokusai.

Eventually, when he moved into the rented house he used to live in on his 93rd move, the room remained as cluttered as it was when he left, so he stopped moving. It is said that it was made.

In addition to ukiyo-e, he was also active as a so-called illustrator. He worked on many illustrations of gesaku such as Kibyoshi, fashionable books, and reading books, but he often collided with the author because he did not draw the picture according to the sketch presented by the author. One of the many issues, "Katsushika Hokusai," was called "Katsushika Hokusai" for a period of time when he formed a duo with the gesaku artist Takizawa Bakin. He released works such as, and made his name immovable with Bakin. He is said to be a person who has dramatically raised the evaluation of illustrations, which was only treated as a bonus for reading materials. In addition, Hokusai once lived in Makoto's house.

On April 18, 2nd year of Kaei, Hokusai died at his graduation (90 years old). The situation at that time is reported as follows.

In other words, "(Hokusai), who was on the verge of death, took a big breath and said,'I wish Heaven would extend my life for another 10 years.' "If Heaven keeps my life for another five years, I could be a real painter," he said and died. "

His resignation phrase was

"Let's become a human soul and go out to the summer fields for recreation."

Katsushika Hokusai has been married twice in his life and has one son and two daughters with each wife (combined with two sons and four daughters).

He bought and received food and didn't cook it himself. When he lived next to a tavern, he had all three meals delivered from the store. So I don't have a tableware at home and I don't transfer it to a bowl. He ate the bamboo skin in the packaging or in the box and left the trash as it was. He had a clay bottle and a few bowls, but he didn't make his own tea. He also does not include the prosperity of his daughter, a woman, who should be included in the general public. When there was a guest, he called the kid next door, handed him a clay bottle and said "tea", and let the kid put it in and gave it to the customer.

There is a theory that the reason why he lived so long despite his disorderly life was that he ate Kwai every day.

According to Gesshin Saito, this parent and child (Hokusai and Sakae) will give raw fish to others because it is troublesome to cook.

Hokusai didn't drink. As an opinion to deny this, "There is no place to drink with ordinary masters and literary people. Also, he is a major painter and has a lot of painting fees. Nevertheless, he has a disorderly life, an unsanitary room, and wears dirty clothes. It is often typical of drinkers to move a lot. " However, in the interviews with the surrounding area in the Meiji era, it was only Shimodo. According to Kawanabe Kyosai, "I don't drink alcohol, I don't like good tea, and I don't smoke. I especially hate smoke and don't use mosquitoes in the summer." Another testimony said, "I don't drink alcohol, but I like sweets. When I visited Daifuku Mochi 7 and 8, I was overjoyed and struck a chord." Tanehiko Ryutei, who had an exchange with him, left a sentence saying, "I don't like alcohol, but I like tea."

Hokusai was indifferent to money. Hokusai's painting fee was one minute, which was twice as much as usual, but he was poor in red and was inconvenienced in clothes. But he doesn't seem to save money. Even if the painting fee is sent, do not unwrap it and leave it on the desk without counting. When the rice shop and the firewood shop came to the bill, they threw it in a package and handed it over. The store was in the form of dressing for a surprising amount of money and urging if it was small. Such a sloppy treatment of money may be one of the causes of poverty.

Hokusai did not like manners. He was a person with a very unfriendly response and attitude. He had never given a bow to meet people, just answered "hello" and "no" and did not talk long about general weather and health.

His clothes have never been silk or fashionable. Rough hand-woven dark blue striped cotton, persimmon-colored sleeveless half-heaven. He uses a six-shaku balance pole as a cane and wears straw sandals or hemp-backed sandals. He was secretly pleased that someone said he was a "countryman." Also, he was always casting spells as he walked, so he sometimes went unnoticed when he met an acquaintance.

One day, Hokusai pointed to the corner of the room with a brush and called his daughter, "I wonder if there was a spider web here until yesterday night. Why did it disappear? You don't know? I had been worried about it for a while.

Also, the visitor testified, "Hokusai is heading to his desk in dirty clothes, with food wraps scattered nearby. His daughter is also sitting in the trash and painting. ".

Hokusai in his later years tells his disciple Tsuyuki Iitsu. "From the end of September to the beginning of April, I keep going into the kotatsu, and when I draw a picture no matter who visits, I never leave the kotatsu. When I get tired, I sleep on the pillow next to me and when I wake up, I keep drawing. I continued this. I don't wear it because the sleeves of my nightwear are useless. If I keep going into the kotatsu, I use a charcoal troupe. >

Hokusai Temporary Takunozu (Kotatsu Kotatsu National Diet Library Collection) A disciple depicts Hokusai's appearance and the indoor situation on the Hokusai Temporary Takunozu. Hokusai in his later years draws a picture by laying paper on tatami mats while wearing a kotatsu futon. His daughter, Sakae, with a fearless face, is watching her alongside her brazier. On her Sugito, there is a sticker saying "Painting fan face". A mandarin orange box is struck on the pillar to make it a Buddhist altar. Glittering sandals and clogs. Behind the brazier is a pile of garbage from the basket and bamboo bark, which was a charcoal and food container.

There were so many fires in Edo that it was said that "fires are a specialty of Edo", but Hokusai moved dozens of times and moved 56 times, miraculously until he was 75 years old. I didn't meet. I was proud of this and drew a fire extinguishing bill and handed it to people.

At the age of 75, he finally struck a fire and lost his originally scarce household goods and became like a homeless person. The materials he had drawn and stored since he was young were also burned down, and he was so disappointed that he could no longer collect them. Immediately after the fire, while he had no tools, he used to break the sake bottle, wash the bottom with a brush, and use the fragments as a palette to paint.

At the time of this fire, Hokusai at work jumped out while holding his brush, and his daughter also jumped out and ran away. When I thought about it later, I could afford to carry out my household goods, but at that time I was in a hurry and didn't feel like it.

When the director of Nagasaki Shokan (Kapitan) visited Edo (1826), he asked Hokusai for two volumes of paintings depicting the lives of Japanese men and women for 150 gold. And his accompanying doctor, Siebold, also asked for the same volume 2, 150 gold. Hokusai agreed and finished it in a few days and went to their inn. The store manager paid and received 150 gold as contracted, but Siebold reluctantly said, "Unlike the store manager, the salary is low and I cannot give you the same reward. How about a half price of 75 gold?" Hokusai was a little indignant, saying, "Why don't you say it first? The same picture was finished with 75 gold with different colors." Siebold said, "If so, I would buy one volume." A normal painter would pay for it, but Hokusai was indignant and brought back both volumes despite his extreme poverty. My wife, who lived with me at the time, said, "I think I drew it with great care, but I can't sell it outside with this motif. I gave up. Hokusai kept silent for a while, but said, "I know I'm in need. That will reduce my loss. However, foreigners will think that Japanese people will see people and change prices. "."

When the interpreter heard this and told the director, he was ashamed to immediately pay an additional 150 and received two volumes. After that, Nagasaki requested hundreds of copies a year and they were exported to their home countries. It was revealed that Siebold had leaked domestic information just before returning to Japan, and Hokusai was about to be pursued. (Siebold Incident)

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